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  1. Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are a group of diseases that develop as a result of primary or congenital malfunction of the immune system and progress with chronic and/or recurrent bacterial, fungal, protoz...

    Authors: Anıl Muştucu, Rümeysa Ayşe Güllülü, Sukru Cekic, Sara Sebnem Kilic and Selçuk Kırlı
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2025 26:39
  2. The human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 gene is highly associated with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). However, not everyone who carries the HLA-B27 antigen develops AS, indicating that factors beyond the HLA-B27 g...

    Authors: Kuang-Hui Yu, Gem Huai-Chueh Wu, Chia-Ju Yang, Wei-Tzu Lin, Fang-Ping Hsu and Ding-Ping Chen
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2025 26:38
  3. Alpha gal syndrome (AGS) is a delayed allergy to red meat, due to IgE to galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal). Sensitization occurs via tick bites. It has been described in the US, Europe, Australia, Japa...

    Authors: Dhanushka Dasanayake, Chandima Karunatilake, Chathurika Karunaratne, Nishadini Fernando, Janitha Iddagoda and Rajiva de Silva
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2025 26:37
  4. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis, Mtb) is a pathogenic bacterial species in the family Mycobacteriaceae and the causative agent of most cases of tuberculosis. Macrophages play essential roles in defens...

    Authors: Xian-Hui Huang, Yu Wang, Liu-Ying Wu, Ye-Lin Jiang, Ling-Jie Ma, Xiao-Feng Shi, Xing Wang, Meng-Meng Zheng, Lu Tang, Yong-Liang Lou and Dan-Li Xie
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2025 26:36
  5. This study utilizes the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database to compare the adverse reaction signals of cyclosporine and tacrolimus, two widely used immunosuppressants, in relation to drug-induc...

    Authors: Min Xu, Shanggang Xu and Xueliang Yi
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2025 26:35
  6. This review comprehensively explores the intricate immune responses within the oral cavity, emphasizing the pivotal role of saliva in maintaining both oral and systemic health. Saliva, a complex biofluid, func...

    Authors: Michele Matsuoka, Salim Abraham Soria, Julien Rodrigues Pires, Adriana Campos Passanezi Sant’Ana and Marcelo Freire
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2025 26:34
  7. Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can cause inflammation and immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Although irAEs may be caused by dysregulation of cytokines, the impact of various COVID- 19-related factors...

    Authors: Sakiko Kimura, Hiroo Katsuya, Chiho Nakashima, Naoko Sueoka-Aragane, Koji Hayashida, Kazumi Sasaki, Rintaro Sogawa, Tatsuya Furuno, Moriyasu Yamauchi, Yoichiro Sugiyama, Hirokazu Noshiro, Motohiro Esaki, Mitsuru Noguchi, Hirokazu Takahashi, Keizo Anzai, Masatoshi Yokoyama…
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2025 26:33
  8. Sepsis, characterized by high morbidity and mortality, necessitates the identification of novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers to enhance patient outcomes. Prior research has highlighted the potential cl...

    Authors: Lixia Xu, Jingpo Li, Li Li, Qiushuang Zhang, Qiuju Feng and Lijie Bai
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2025 26:32
  9. Severe pneumonia is an important contributor to the high mortality of sick young children. The microRNA-125b-5p (miR-125b-5p), which is widely involved in various cancers, is closely related to a variety of lu...

    Authors: Meiqin Zhu, Ziyan Lu, Xingjuan Liao, Qin Liang, Chao Xu, Xinbing Luo and Jun Li
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2025 26:31
  10. To assess the effect of half-dose chemotherapy (HDC) and standard-dose chemotherapy (SDC) on the intestinal microbiota and to investigate whether fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) can restore the intestin...

    Authors: Xinmeng Wang, Qian Geng, Hua Jiang, Jingyan Yue, Chunjian Qi and Lanqun Qin
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2025 26:30
  11. Physicians may encounter situations where they need to co-administer omalizumab with non–IgE-targeting monoclonal antibodies. In this study, we share our experience with these dual biologic treatments.

    Authors: Oded Shamriz, Elchanan Parnasa, Limor Rubin, Aviv Talmon, Yaarit Ribak, Isaam Hindi, Hagit Peleg, Ronit Confino-Cohen and Yuval Tal
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2025 26:29
  12. Neutrophils are the first responders to pathogen invasion and are important first-line defenders. The defence mechanism of activated neutrophils includes neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation that im...

    Authors: Rebecca Chinyelu Chukwuanukwu, Chioma Esther Agu, Alfred Ehiaghe, Dorothy Ezeagwuna, Martin Herrmann and Gerald Udigwe
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2025 26:28
  13. Seronegative Hashimoto's thyroiditis is often underdiagnosed due to the lack of antibody markers. Combining ultrasound radiomics with machine learning offers potential for early detection in patients with norm...

    Authors: Wenjun Wu, Shengsheng Yao, Daming Liu, Yuan Luo, Yihan Sun, Ting Ruan, Mengyou Liu, Li Shi, Chang Liu, Mingming Xiao, Qi Zhang, Zhengshuai Liu, Xingai Ju, Jiahao Wang, Xiang Fei, Li Lu…
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2025 26:27
  14. Alopecia areata (AA) are hair loss disorders with distinct pathogenetic mechanisms involving immune dysregulation and microRNA modulation. AA, a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease, is characterized by sudden h...

    Authors: Shahnaz Begum, Md Jamil Hossain, Insun Kim, Hyun Su Min, Yu Na Lim, Hyun-Jeong Cho and Jin-Hyeob Ryu
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2025 26:26
  15. The human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus that causes HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HAM/TSP is a chronic inflammatory neurodegenerative disease ...

    Authors: Sabrina de Souza, Guilherme Affonso Melo, Carolina Calôba, Maria Clara Salgado Campos, Juliana Vieira Pimenta, Fabianno Ferreira Dutra, Renata Meirelles Pereira and Juliana Echevarria-Lima
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2025 26:24
  16. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, significant challenges have been encountered in managing patients with chronic diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the pandemic on fol...

    Authors: Yasin Karali, Zuhal Karali, Sukru Cekic, Irem Cakir and Sara Sebnem Kilic
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2025 26:22
  17. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are valuable biomarkers, providing crucial insights into the patients’ immune system. Reliable biobanking of PBMCs is essential to minimize heterogeneity. In multicen...

    Authors: Sarah Lehle, Simon Völkl, Katharina Seitz, Chloë Goossens, Julius Emons, Matthias Ruebner, Sabrina Uhrig, Philipp Ziegler, Anna-Katharin Theuser, Matthias W. Beckmann, Peter A. Fasching and Hanna Huebner
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2025 26:21
  18. Moyamoya disease (MMD) is increasingly recognized as being influenced by chronic inflammation, with circulating immune cells playing a role in its progression. However, research on the immune characteristics o...

    Authors: Chenglong Liu, Peicong Ge, Siqi Mou, Yuheng Pang, Liujia Chan, Junsheng Li, Qiheng He, Wei Liu, Bojian Zhang, Zhikang Zhao, Zhiyao Zheng, Shuang Wang, Wei Sun, Qian Zhang, Rong Wang, Yan Zhang…
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2025 26:19
  19. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has become a global healthcare issue, with its incidence continuing to rise, but currently there is no complete cure. Xylitol is a widely used sweetener in various foods and be...

    Authors: Peng Ma, Wen Sun, Chang Sun, Jiajun Tan, Xueyun Dong, Jiayuan He, Asmaa Ali, Min Chen, Leilei Zhang, Liang Wu and Pingping Wang
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2025 26:18
  20. Anti-interferon-γ autoantibodies (AIGAs) syndrome is a recently recognized adult-onset immunodeficiency syndrome. Serum Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is increased in AIGAs syndrome, but the role of serum IgE levels i...

    Authors: Ni Chen, Hanlin Liang, Siqiao Liang, Xiaona Liang, Xuemei Huang, Qingliang Yu and Zhiyi He
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2025 26:17

    The Correction to this article has been published in BMC Immunology 2025 26:25

  21. Recent research advancements have enhanced our understanding of the lymphatic system in the eye and nasal region and its involvement in health and disease. The eye is an anatomical extension of the central ner...

    Authors: Min Yan, Lu Cheng, Zheng Zheng, Yuanxi Lin, Doudou Qin and Hui Chen
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2025 26:16
  22. Sepsis shock is caused by a systemic infection characterized by circulatory disorders and metabolic abnormalities. Microorganisms or their toxins enter the bloodstream, releasing inflammatory mediators and tri...

    Authors: Dan Song, Xinjie Zhao, Yanru Zhang, Mengjie Wang, Haojie Tang, Jing Fang, Zhuoyang Song, Qingyang Ma and Jing Geng
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2025 26:15
  23. Hymenoptera venom allergy is a significant allergic reaction that affects a substantial proportion of adults. Accurate diagnosis of this allergy using venom extracts is challenging due to molecular cross-react...

    Authors: Sara Mahmoudzadeh, Hadis Rezapour, Sajjad Chamani, Hossein Safarpour and Mohammad Fereidouni
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2025 26:14
  24. Infants born to mothers with active tuberculosis disease (ATB) are at risk of poor clinical outcomes such as low birth weight and perinatal mortality. However, little is known about the influence of maternal A...

    Authors: Diana Sitenda, Phillip Ssekamatte, Rose Nakavuma, Andrew Peter Kyazze, Felix Bongomin, Joseph Baruch Baluku, Rose Nabatanzi, Davis Kibirige, Robert J. Wilkinson, Annettee Nakimuli, Stephen Cose and Irene Andia-Biraro
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2025 26:13
  25. The OP9 culture system is an important in vitro model for B cell development. However, the complex nature of operations and the intrinsic variability of stromal cell functionality, which can be influenced by f...

    Authors: Pan Yang, Xiaoling Chen, Hao Wen, Meiling Yu, Haili Yu, Li Wang, Liang Gong and Lintao Zhao
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2025 26:12
  26. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is one of the most common autoimmune disorders characterized by diffuse enlargement of the thyroid gland, lymphocyte infiltration, and thyroid-specific autoantibodies. Cellular and...

    Authors: Yingzhao Liu, Zhangwei Zhu, Qian Xu, Juan Xu, Jie Xing, Shengjun Wang and Huiyong Peng
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2025 26:11
  27. Cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) cells play an important role in gastric malignancy. MiRNA dysregulation has been detected in CAF cells, which is related to the tumor progression ability of these cells. Ther...

    Authors: Mozhgan Esmaili, Narjes Jafari, Fatemeh Ahmadzadeh, Seyed Mohammad Valizadeh Toosi and Saeid Abediankenari
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2025 26:9
  28. VRC07-523LS is a safe and well-tolerated monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting the CD4 binding site on the HIV envelope (Env) trimer. Efficacy of VRC07-523LS, in combination with mAbs targeting other HIV epitope...

    Authors: Tariro D. Chawana, Stephen R. Walsh, Lynda Stranix-Chibanda, Zvavahera M. Chirenje, Chenchen Yu, Lily Zhang, Kelly E. Seaton, Jack Heptinstall, Lu Zhang, Carmen A. Paez, Theresa Gamble, Shelly T. Karuna, Philip Andrew, Brett Hanscom, Magdalena E. Sobieszczyk, Srilatha Edupuganti…
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2025 26:8
  29. Evidence indicates that the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) correlates with poor prognosis in various solid tumors. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic significanc...

    Authors: Feng Liu, Pengyu Yin, Baoping Jiao, Zhiyong Shi, Feifei Qiao and Jun Xu
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2025 26:7
  30. Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a rare chronic vascular disease leads to cognitive impairment and stroke with its etiology unknown. The relationship between necroptosis or necroinflammation and MMD pathogenesis was ...

    Authors: Yutong Liu, Kexin Yuan, Linru Zou, Chengxu Lei, Ruichen Xu, Shihao He and Yuanli Zhao
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2025 26:6
  31. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a critical cardiopulmonary vascular disorder marked by the progressive elevation of pulmonary artery pressure, increased pulmonary vascular resistance, and eventual rig...

    Authors: Pan Jiang, Huai Huang, Mengshi Xie, Zilong Liu, Lijing Jiang, Hongyu Shi, Xiaodan Wu, Shengyu Hao and Shanqun Li
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2025 26:5
  32. Vanishing bile duct syndrome (VBDS) is a serious drug induced liver injury characterized by chronic cholestasis and loss of intrahepatic bile ducts. VBDS has been reported also following checkpoint inhibitor t...

    Authors: Miro Saarela, Essi Parviainen, Ana Lleo, Luca di Tommaso, Hanna Raunio, Krista Kankaanranta, Katri Vuopala, Aino Rönkä, Sini Nurmenniemi, Raija Kallio, Arja Jukkola and Katri S. Selander
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2025 26:4
  33. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays a central role in sepsis-induced cytokine storm involving immune hyperactivation and early neutrophil activation. Programmed death protein-1 (PD-1) is associated with sepsis-induced ...

    Authors: Song I Lee, Na Young Kim, Chaeuk Chung, Dongil Park, Da Hyun Kang, Duk Ki Kim, Min-Kyung Yeo, Pureum Sun and Jeong Eun Lee
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2025 26:3
  34. B lymphocytes, essential in cellular immunity as antigen-presenting cells and in humoral immunity as major effector cells, play a crucial role in the antitumor response. Our previous work has shown β-glucan en...

    Authors: Yu Bai, Jun Ding, Liuyang He, Zhichao Zhu, Jie Pan and Chunjian Qi
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2025 26:2
  35. We have reanalyzed the genomic data from the International Collaboration for the Genomics of HIV (ICGH), focusing on HIV-1 Elite Controllers (EC).

    Authors: Myriam Rahmouni, Sigrid Le Clerc, Jean-Louis Spadoni, Taoufik Labib, Maxime Tison, Raissa Medina-Santos, Armand Bensussan, Ryad Tamouza, Jean-François Deleuze and Jean-François Zagury
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2025 26:1
  36. Frailty is an emerging global burden of disease, characterized as an age-related clinical syndrome. Recent studies have suggested a potential link of circulating protein levels with the onset of frailty. This ...

    Authors: Shuhui Chen, Hao Lin, Bin Liu, Hejing Pan, Yaling Xu, Yingying Mao and Lin Huang
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2024 25:86
  37. IBD is a condition that may result from the presence of oxidative stress. The objective of this research is to evaluate and compare the potency of probiotics and paraprobiotics to modulate oxidative stress and...

    Authors: Niloofar Rezaie, Shadi Aghamohammad, Elham Haj Agha Gholizadeh Khiavi, Mohammad Reza Pourshafie, Malihe Talebi and Mahdi Rohani
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2024 25:85
  38. Immunotherapy is a promising treatment for cancers but should be optimized for malignant gliomas. Because of immune privilege feature of the brain, local administration of immunotherapy may be a promising stra...

    Authors: Hao Duan, Zhenqiang He, Zhenghe Chen, Yukun Chen, Wanming Hu, Ke Sai, Xiangheng Zhang, Jianchuan Xia, Yongqiang Li, Ranyi Liu, Chaowei Zou, Zhongping Chen and Yonggao Mou
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2024 25:83
  39. HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) children are at increased risk of morbidity during the first years of life. Although the immune responses of HEU infants in early-life are relatively well described, studies of nat...

    Authors: Hope Mataramvura, Julia Jӓger, Ana Jordan-Paiz, Lovemore Ronald Mazengera, Felicity Zvanyadza Gumbo, Madeleine J. Bunders and Kerina Duri
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2024 25:82
  40. The relationship of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and ANA positivity according to sex stratification is unclear. The propose of this study was to reveal the sex-specific relationship of serum 25-hyd...

    Authors: Zhen Gui, Shuying Li, Hanqing Yu, Lin Chang and Yong Chang
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2024 25:81
  41. This research probes into genes related to the risk of concurrent kidney injury in septic patients to provide reliable targets for early identification of sepsis-associated kidney injury and prognosis research.

    Authors: Linghan Leng, Chenglin Wang, Yaxing Deng and Yingchun Hu
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2024 25:80
  42. The Mokola Virus belongs to the family Rhabdoviridae and is genotype 3 of the Lyssavirus genera. A small number of cases of animal and human encephalomyelitis, mainly scattered over sub-Saharan Africa, have be...

    Authors: Elijah Kolawole Oladipo, James Akinwumi Ogunniran, Oluwaseyi Samuel Akinpelu, Tosin Omoboyede Omole, Stephen Feranmi Adeyemo, Boluwatife Ayobami Irewolede, Bamidele Abiodun Iwalokun, Olumide Faith Ajani and Helen Onyeaka
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2024 25:77

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