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  1. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells play an essential role in maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing autoimmunity. Therefore, defects in Treg development, maintenance or function have been associated with several...

    Authors: Marta Barreto, Ricardo C Ferreira, Lara Lourenço, Maria F Moraes-Fontes, Eugénia Santos, Miguel Alves, Cláudia Carvalho, Berta Martins, Rita Andreia, João F Viana, Carlos Vasconcelos, Luísa Mota-Vieira, Carlos Ferreira, Jocelyne Demengeot and Astrid M Vicente
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:5
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. Normal mammary gland contains an extravascular population of B lymphoblasts, precursors of the immunoglobulin plasma cells that play a key role in the passive protection of neonates by secreting immunoglobulin...

    Authors: Berardo de Jesus Rodriguez, Claire Chevaleyre, Gwénaële Henry, Daniel Mollé, Isabelle Virlogeux-Payant, Mustapha Berri, François Boulay, Joëlle Léonil, François Meurens and Henri Salmon
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:4
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. Human B lymphocytes can produce leukotriene B4 but the biological function of the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway in B cells is unclear. In order to better understand and define the role of 5-LO in B cells, we inve...

    Authors: Yilmaz Mahshid, Marcus-René Lisy, Xiao Wang, Rainer Spanbroek, Jenny Flygare, Birger Christensson, Magnus Björkholm, Birgitta Sander, Andreas JR Habenicht and Hans-Erik Claesson
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:2
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. Tumor-associated accrual of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in the blood, lymphoid organs and tumor tissues may lead to perturbation of the arginine metabolism and impairment of the endogenous antitumo...

    Authors: Giusy Capuano, Nicolò Rigamonti, Matteo Grioni, Massimo Freschi and Matteo Bellone
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:1
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. Interferon induced tetratricopeptide repeat protein 2 (IFIT-2, P54) belongs to the type I interferon response genes and is highly induced after stimulation with LPS. The biological function of this protein is ...

    Authors: Susanne Berchtold, Birgit Manncke, Juliane Klenk, Julia Geisel, Ingo B Autenrieth and Erwin Bohn
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:75
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. The functional immaturity of T cells contributes to the susceptibility of neonates to infections and the less severe graft-versus-host disease associated with cord blood (CB) transplantation. We have previousl...

    Authors: Helen KW Law, Wenwei Tu, Enmei Liu and Yu Lung Lau
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:74
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. Asthma is a complicated network of inflammatory reactions. It is classified into mild, moderate, and severe persistent asthma. The success of asthma therapy relies much on understanding the underlying mechanis...

    Authors: AS Abdulamir, RR Hafidh, F Abubakar and KA Abbas
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:73
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. Chemokines immobilized on endothelial cells play a central role in the induced firm adhesion and transendothelial migration of leukocytes. Activation of platelets at sites of vascular injury is considered to s...

    Authors: Christian Weingart, Peter J Nelson, Bernhard K Krämer and Matthias Mack
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:72
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. Human CD1d-restricted, invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT) are a unique class of T lymphocytes that recognise glycolipid antigens such as α-galactosylceramide (αGalCer) and upon T cell receptor (TCR) activ...

    Authors: Joanne E Croudace, Stuart M Curbishley, Manuela Mura, Carrie R Willcox, Petr A Illarionov, Gurdyal S Besra, David H Adams and David A Lammas
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:71
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. Pro-inflammatory cytokines can affect intracellular lipid metabolism. A variety of effects have been described for different cell types; hepatocyte lipid turnover pathways are inhibited during inflammation, wh...

    Authors: Jenny Persson, Jan Nilsson and Marie W Lindholm
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:70
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. While dendritic cells (DCs) can induce tolerance in T cells, little is known about tolerance induction in DCs themselves. We have analysed tolerance induced in human in-vitro generated DCs by repeated stimulation...

    Authors: Valerie Albrecht, Thomas PJ Hofer, Brian Foxwell, Marion Frankenberger and Loems Ziegler-Heitbrock
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:69
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. There is increasing evidence to suggest an immunomodulation function both within the intestines and systemically upon consuming probiotic species. We recently isolated a novel LAB, Lactobacillus casei Zhang (LcZh...

    Authors: Tuo Ya, Qijin Zhang, Fuliang Chu, Justin Merritt, Menhe Bilige, Tiansong Sun, Ruiting Du and Heping Zhang
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:68
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. Bacillus anthracis secretes several virulence factors targeting different host organs and cell types during inhalational anthrax infection. The bacterial expression of a key virulence factor, lethal toxin (LeTx) ...

    Authors: Christopher Bradburne, Myung-Chul Chung, Qin Zong, Karen Schlauch, Derong Liu, Taissia Popova, Anna Popova, Charles Bailey, Dan Soppet and Serguei Popov
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:67
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. The ELR+CXC chemokines are multifunctional mediators that are mainly responsible for the recruitment of leucocytes to sites of inflammation and infection. Because of their high sequence identity with mammalian IL...

    Authors: Cai Zhonghua, Gao Chunpin, Zhang Yong, Xing Kezhi and Zhang Yaou
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:66
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. Mammals are essentially born germ-free but the epithelial surfaces are promptly colonized by astounding numbers of bacteria soon after birth. The most extensive microbial community is harbored by the distal in...

    Authors: Tomas Hrncir, Renata Stepankova, Hana Kozakova, Tomas Hudcovic and Helena Tlaskalova-Hogenova
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:65
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. IFN-γ is a multifunctional peptide with a potent immune defense function which is also known as a prototypic Th1 cytokine. While screening for genes differentially expressed by Th1 and Th2 cytokines, human thi...

    Authors: Seol-Hee Kim, Jiyoung Oh, Ja-Young Choi, Ji-Young Jang, Myoung-Wha Kang and Choong-Eun Lee
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:64
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. Ion channels are involved in the control of membrane potential (ψ) in a variety of cells. The maintenance of ψ in human T lymphocytes is essential for T-cell activation and was suggested to depend mostly on th...

    Authors: Fernanda Mello de Queiroz, Cristiano G Ponte, Adriana Bonomo, Rosane Vianna-Jorge and Guilherme Suarez-Kurtz
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:63
    Content type: Methodology article Published on:

  19. Deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) are among the most common mammals in North America and are important reservoirs of several human pathogens, including Sin Nombre hantavirus (SNV). SNV can establish a life-long ...

    Authors: Tiffany Richens, Aparna D~N Palmer, Joseph Prescott and Tony Schountz
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:62
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. Bv8, prokineticin-1, or endocrine gland-vascular endothelial growth factor, and prokineticin-2 are recently isolated peptide agonists of two G protein-coupled receptors, prokineticin receptor-1 (PROKR 1) and P...

    Authors: Silvia Franchi, Elisa Giannini, Donatella Lattuada, Roberta Lattanzi, Hui Tian, Pietro Melchiorri, Lucia Negri, Alberto E Panerai and Paola Sacerdote
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:60
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. The statistical analysis of immunological data may be complicated because precise quantitative levels cannot always be determined. Values below a given detection limit may not be observed (nondetects), and data w...

    Authors: Hae-Won Uh, Franca C Hartgers, Maria Yazdanbakhsh and Jeanine J Houwing-Duistermaat
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:59
    Content type: Methodology article Published on:

  23. Transglutaminases (TGases) form a group of enzymes that have many different substrates and among the most well known are fibrin for Factor XIIIa and the clotting protein in crustaceans. We also found that TGas...

    Authors: Xionghui Lin, Kenneth Söderhäll and Irene Söderhäll
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:58
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. The USDA, Wildlife Services cooperative oral rabies vaccination (ORV) program uses a live vaccinia virus-vectored (genus Orthopoxvirus) vaccine, Raboral V-RG® (V-RG), to vaccinate specific wildlife species agains...

    Authors: J Jeffrey Root, Robert G McLean, Dennis Slate, Kathleen A MacCarthy and Jorge E Osorio
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:57
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. Cytokine-stimulated endothelial cells (EC) propagate hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) expansion. However, the effects on the functional capacities of cultured progenitors have not been evaluated. HPC were a...

    Authors: Anja Moldenhauer, Gesche Genter, Andreas Lun, Gürkan Bal, Holger Kiesewetter and Abdulgabar Salama
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:56
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. We performed initial cell, cytokine and complement depletion studies to investigate the possible role of these effectors in response to vaccination with heat-killed Burkholderia mallei in a susceptible BALB/c mou...

    Authors: Gregory C Whitlock, Roman A Lukaszewski, Barbara M Judy, Slobodan Paessler, Alfredo G Torres and D Mark Estes
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:55
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen presenting cells capable of inducing innate and adaptive immune responses. According to the stimulus and their maturation state, DCs induce immunogenic or tolerogenic response...

    Authors: Hind Hamzeh-Cognasse, Fabrice Cognasse, Sabine Palle, Patricia Chavarin, Thomas Olivier, Olivier Delézay, Bruno Pozzetto and Olivier Garraud
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:54
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. CD8+ regulatory T cells (Treg) have been considered to be involved in a model of ocular-induced tolerance, known as anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID). The phenotype and characteristics of CD8+T...

    Authors: Hao He, Peizeng Yang, Liqiong Jiang, Junfeng Zhang, Changlin Zhao, Lina Chen, Xiaomin Lin, Hongyan Zhou and Aize Kijlstra
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:53
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a human pathogenic bacteria and a major cause of severe invasive diseases, including pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis. Infections with S. pneumoniae evoke a strong inflammatory re...

    Authors: Trine H Mogensen, Randi S Berg, Lars Østergaard and Søren R Paludan
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:52
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. Type I diabetes (TID) is an autoimmune disease resulting from destruction of the insulin-producing β-cells by autoreactive T cells. Studies have shown that polymorphisms of chemokine CXCL12 gene are linked to ...

    Authors: Qibin Leng, Yuchun Nie, Yongrui Zou and Jianzhu Chen
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:51
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Amplification and cloning of naïve T cell Receptor (TR) repertoires or antigen-specific TR is crucial to shape immune response and to develop immuno-based therapies. TR variable (V) regions are encoded by seve...

    Authors: Ilenia Boria, Diego Cotella, Irma Dianzani, Claudio Santoro and Daniele Sblattero
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:50
    Content type: Methodology article Published on:

  32. Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) plays an important role in a number of chronic and acute inflammatory diseases. To understand the role of IL-1β in disease processes and develop an in vivo screening system for anti-inf...

    Authors: Limei Li, Zhaoliang Fei, Jianke Ren, Ruilin Sun, Zhihui Liu, Zhejin Sheng, Long Wang, Xia Sun, Jun Yu, Zhugang Wang and Jian Fei
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:49
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. The lung is divided into two major compartments: the alveolar space and the parenchyma. The alveolar macrophages are the first line of leukocytes in the lung taking up incoming microbes or microbial antigens w...

    Authors: Kapilan Kugathasan, Elizabeth K Roediger, Cherrie-Lee Small, Sarah McCormick, Pingchang Yang and Zhou Xing
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:48
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. Interleukin-17 (IL-17)-producing cells are increasingly considered to be the major pathogenic population in various autoimmune disorders. The effects of glucocorticoids, widely used as therapeutics for inflamm...

    Authors: Miljana Momčilović, Željka Miljković, Dušan Popadić, Miloš Marković, Emina Savić, Zorica Ramić, Djordje Miljković and Marija Mostarica-Stojković
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:47
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. Melioidosis, a lethal tropical infection that is endemic in southeast Asia and northern Australia, is caused by the saprophytic Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. Overall mortality approaches 40% ...

    Authors: T Eoin West, Robert K Ernst, Malinka J Jansson-Hutson and Shawn J Skerrett
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:46
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. Human mast cell (HuMC) maturation occurs in tissues interfacing with the external environment, exposing both mast cell progenitors and mature mast cells, to bacteria and their products. It is unknown, however,...

    Authors: Arnold S Kirshenbaum, Emily Swindle, Marianna Kulka, Yalin Wu and Dean D Metcalfe
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:45
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. The differentiation of naive T and B cells into memory lymphocytes is essential for immunity to pathogens. Therapeutic manipulation of this cellular differentiation program could improve vaccine efficacy and t...

    Authors: W Nicholas Haining, Jill Angelosanto, Kathleen Brosnahan, Kenneth Ross, Cynthia Hahn, Kate Russell, Linda Drury, Stephanie Norton, Lee Nadler and Kimberly Stegmaier
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:44
    Content type: Methodology article Published on:

  38. To evaluate the impact of the duration of chronic inflammation on gene expression in skeletal muscle biopsies (MBx) from untreated children with juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) and identify genes and biological...

    Authors: Yi-Wen Chen, Rongye Shi, Nicholas Geraci, Sheela Shrestha, Heather Gordish-Dressman and Lauren M Pachman
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:43
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. CD4+CD25high regulatory T (TReg) cells modulate antigen-specific T cell responses, and can suppress anti-viral immunity. In HTLV-1 infection, a selective decrease in the function of TReg cell mediated HTLV-1-tax ...

    Authors: Jakob Michaëlsson, Hugo Marcelo R Barbosa, Kimberley A Jordan, Joan M Chapman, Milena KC Brunialti, Walter Kleine Neto, Youko Nukui, Ester C Sabino, Marco Antonio Chieia, Acary Souza Bulle Oliveira, Douglas F Nixon and Esper G Kallas
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:41
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) plays a critical role in mediating inflammatory/immune responses against bacterial pathogens in lung. Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (N...

    Authors: Jae Hyang Lim, Unhwan Ha, Akihiro Sakai, Chang-Hoon Woo, Soo-Mi Kweon, Haidong Xu and Jian-Dong Li
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:40
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. Human B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are the only cells known to express both TLR7 and TLR9. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells are the primary IFN-α producing cells in response to TLR7 and TLR9 agon...

    Authors: John A Hanten, John P Vasilakos, Christie L Riter, Lori Neys, Kenneth E Lipson, Sefik S Alkan and Woubalem Birmachu
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:39
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. The greatest challenges in vaccine development include optimization of DNA vaccines for use in humans, creation of effective single-dose vaccines, development of delivery systems that do not involve live virus...

    Authors: Rogério S Rosada, Lucimara Gaziola de la Torre, Fabiani G Frantz, Ana PF Trombone, Carlos R Zárate-Bladés, Denise M Fonseca, Patrícia RM Souza, Izaíra T Brandão, Ana P Masson, Édson G Soares, Simone G Ramos, Lúcia H Faccioli, Célio L Silva, Maria HA Santana and Arlete AM Coelho-Castelo
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:38
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. Enteric antimicrobial peptides secreted from Paneth cells, including α-defensins (in mice named cryptdins), are key effector molecules of innate immunity in the small intestine. The importance of Paneth cells ...

    Authors: Jenny Karlsson, Katrin Pütsep, Hiutung Chu, Robert J Kays, Charles L Bevins and Mats Andersson
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:37
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a potent inflammatory mediator that also stimulates the immune response. In addition, it promotes polymorphonuclear leukocyte phagocytosis, chemotaxis, chemokinesis and modulates cytokine...

    Authors: Roberto Nicolete, Cristina Rius, Laura Piqueras, Peter J Jose, Carlos A Sorgi, Edson G Soares, Maria J Sanz and Lúcia H Faccioli
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:36
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. We have previously reported that ATP treatment of M bovis-BCG infected human macrophages induces P2X7 receptor-dependent killing of intracellular mycobacteria. The mechanism mediating this bactericidal effect has...

    Authors: Debasis Biswas, Omar S Qureshi, Wing-Yiu Lee, Joanne E Croudace, Manuela Mura and David A Lammas
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:35
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. Wegener's Granulomatosis and Microscopic Polyangiitis are life-threatening systemic necrotizing vasculitides of unknown aetiology. The appearance of circulating antibodies to neutrophil cytoplasmic antigens (A...

    Authors: Plinio R Hurtado, Lisa Jeffs, Jodie Nitschke, Mittal Patel, Ghafar Sarvestani, John Cassidy, Pravin Hissaria, David Gillis and Chen Au Peh
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:34
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. The environmental factors that determine the elevated levels of polyclonal IgE observed in populations living in the Tropics are poorly understood but may include geohelminth infections. We investigated the as...

    Authors: Philip J Cooper, Neal Alexander, Ana-Lucia Moncayo, Susana M Benitez, Martha E Chico, Maritza G Vaca and George E Griffin
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:33
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in initiating effective cell-mediated immune responses, but are dysfunctional and anergic in breast cancer. Reversal of this dysfunction and establishment of optimal D...

    Authors: Sukchai Satthaporn, Mark M Aloysius, Richard A Robins, Chandan Verma, Suebwong Chuthapisith, Alasdair J Mckechnie, Mohamad El-Sheemy, Wichai Vassanasiri, David Valerio, David Clark, Jibril A Jibril and Oleg Eremin
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:32
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) is a critical component of interferon (IFN)-alpha/beta and IFN-gamma signaling. Although seven isoforms of STAT proteins have been reported from mamma...

    Authors: Eun-Mi Park, Jung-Ha Kang, Jung Soo Seo, GunDo Kim, Jongkyeong Chung and Tae-Jin Choi
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:31
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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