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  1. Dendritic cells (DC) play a central role in primary immune responses and become potent stimulators of the adaptive immune response after undergoing the critical process of maturation. Understanding the dynamic...

    Authors: Amy L Olex, Elizabeth M Hiltbold, Xiaoyan Leng and Jacquelyn S Fetrow
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:41
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. Recent evidence shows that allograft survival rates show a positive correlation with the number of circulating T regulatory cells (Tregs). This study investigated both the number and the cytokine profiles exhi...

    Authors: Yuchuan Huang, Juan Shan, Chuntao Zhang, Jie Zhang, Li Feng, Shengfu Li and Youping Li
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:40
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. Inappropriate responses to normal intestinal bacteria may be involved in the development of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD, e.g. Crohn's Disease (CD), Ulcerative Colitis (UC)) and variations in the host geno...

    Authors: Matthew PG Barnett, Warren C McNabb, Adrian L Cookson, Shuotun Zhu, Marcus Davy, Bianca Knoch, Katia Nones, Alison J Hodgkinson and Nicole C Roy
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:39
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. Several observations suggest that immunological events early after chemotherapy, possibly during the period of severe treatment-induced cytopenia, are important for antileukemic immune reactivity in acute myel...

    Authors: Elisabeth Ersvaer, Knut Liseth, Jørn Skavland, Bjørn Tore Gjertsen and Øystein Bruserud
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:38
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. Epithelial cells and dendritic cells (DCs) both initiate and contribute to innate immune responses to bacteria. However, much less is known about the coordinated regulation of innate immune responses between G...

    Authors: Lei Yin, Takahiro Chino, Orapin V Horst, Beth M Hacker, Edward A Clark, Beverly A Dale and Whasun O Chung
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:37
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. Immunization with recombinant carboxyl-terminal domain of the heavy chain (Hc domain) of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) stimulates protective immunity against native BoNT challenge. Most studies developing a botu...

    Authors: Beata Clapp, Sarah Golden, Massimo Maddaloni, Herman F Staats and David W Pascual
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:36
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. The vaccine efficacy reported following Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) administration to UK adolescents is 77% and defining the cellular immune response in this group can inform us as to the n...

    Authors: Steven G Smith, Maeve K Lalor, Patricia Gorak-Stolinska, Rose Blitz, Natalie ER Beveridge, Andrew Worth, Helen McShane and Hazel M Dockrell
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:35
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. At present, it is highly controversial whether pure mast cells can serve as antigen presenting cells, and it is not known whether the capacity of antigen presenting function is temporally restricted to a parti...

    Authors: Jian Gong, Ning-Sun Yang, Michael Croft, I-Chun Weng, Liangwu Sun, Fu-Tong Liu and Swey-Shen Chen
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:34
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. Resistin, a member of adipokine family, is known to be involved in the modulation of immune responses including inflammatory activity. Interestingly, resistin is secreted by adipocytes in mice and rats whereas...

    Authors: Young Min Son, Sung Min Ahn, Gi Rak Kim, Yang Soo Moon, Sang Hoon Kim, Yeong-Min Park, Woon Kyu Lee, Tae Sun Min, Seung Hyun Han and Cheol-Heui Yun
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:33
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. Mast cells have recently gained new importance as immunoregulatory cells that are involved in numerous pathological processes. One result of these processes is an increase in mast cell numbers at peripheral si...

    Authors: Maria Célia Jamur, Andréa N Moreno, Luciana FC Mello, Devandir A Souza Júnior, Maria Rita C Campos, Maria Verônica D Pastor, Ana Cristina G Grodzki, Deise C Silva and Constance Oliver
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:32
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. The Syrian hamster, Mesocricetus auratus, has distinct immunological features and is uniquely susceptible to intracellular pathogens. Studies in hamsters are limited by the relative unavailability of tools to con...

    Authors: Claudia M Espitia, Weiguo Zhao, Omar Saldarriaga, Yaneth Osorio, Lisa M Harrison, Michael Cappello, Bruno L Travi and Peter C Melby
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:31
    Content type: Methodology article Published on:

  12. Recent experimental approaches have unraveled essential migratory and functional differences of monocyte subpopulations in mice. In order to possibly translate these findings into human physiology and pathophy...

    Authors: Sebastian Seidler, Henning W Zimmermann, Matthias Bartneck, Christian Trautwein and Frank Tacke
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:30
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. A long-term existing schistosome infection can aid in maintaining immuno-homeostasis, thus providing protection against various types of autoimmune diseases to the infected host. Such benefits have often been ...

    Authors: YunKun He, Jia Li, WenJia Zhuang, Lan Yin, ChunXia Chen, Jun Li, FengLi Chi, YanShuang Bai and Xiao-Ping Chen
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:28
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. Human Papillomavirus, HPV, is the main etiological factor for cervical cancer. Different studies show that in women infected with HPV there is a positive correlation between lesion grade and number of infiltra...

    Authors: Aline Bolpetti, João S Silva, Luisa L Villa and Ana Paula Lepique
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:27
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. Chemokines, a group of small and structurally related proteins, mediate chemotaxis of various cell types via chemokine receptors. In mammals, seven different CXC chemokine receptors denoted as CXCR1 to CXCR7 h...

    Authors: Qiao Q Xu, Ming X Chang, Rong H Sun, Fan S Xiao and P Nie
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:25
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. Type I hypersensitivity is characterized by the overreaction of the immune system against otherwise innocuous substances. It manifests as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, allergic asthma or atopic d...

    Authors: Ines Lindner, Christiane Meier, Angelika Url, Hermann Unger, Andreas Grassauer, Eva Prieschl-Grassauer and Petra Doerfler
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:24
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. At present, the relatively sudden appearance and explosive spread of HIV throughout Africa and around the world beginning in the 1950s has never been adequately explained. Theorizing that this phenomenon may b...

    Authors: Raymond S Weinstein, Michael M Weinstein, Kenneth Alibek, Michael I Bukrinsky and Beda Brichacek
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:23
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), which can be identified based on a unique helix-turn-helix DNA-binding domain (DBD) are a large family of transcription factors involved in host immune response, haemotopo...

    Authors: Bei Huang, Zhi T Qi, Zhen Xu and Pin Nie
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:22
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. Gene expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated monocytes is mainly studied by quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) using GAPDH (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase) or ACTB (...

    Authors: Armin P Piehler, Runa M Grimholt, Reidun Øvstebø and Jens P Berg
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:21
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. Remission of multiple sclerosis during periods of high ovarian hormone secretion (such as pregnancy) has led to a great deal of interest in the potential for estrogens to treat autoimmune disease. Previous wor...

    Authors: Melissa A Yates, Yuexin Li, Peter J Chlebeck and Halina Offner
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:20
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. There is growing evidence that both local and systemic inflammatory responses play an important role in the progression of a variety of solid tumors. Colorectal cancer results from the cumulative effect of seq...

    Authors: Vanessa Deschoolmeester, Marc Baay, Eric Van Marck, Joost Weyler, Peter Vermeulen, Filip Lardon and Jan B Vermorken
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:19
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2), one of two Stx liberated by Stx-producing Escherichia coli, is composed of an A subunit monomer and a B subunit pentamer, and is directly linked with hemolytic uremic syndrome in children. T...

    Authors: Kwang-il Jeong, Susan Chapman-Bonofiglio, Pradeep Singh, Jongo Lee, Saul Tzipori and Abhineet S Sheoran
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:16
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. This study was performed to evaluate anti-inflammatory and immune modulating properties of the probiotic, spore-forming bacterial strain: Bacillus coagulans: GBI-30, (PTA-6086, GanedenBC30TM). In addition, cell w...

    Authors: Gitte S Jensen, Kathleen F Benson, Steve G Carter and John R Endres
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:15
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. The potential utility of dendritic cells (DC) as cancer vaccines has been established in early trials in human cancers. The concomitant administration of cytotoxic agents and DC vaccines has been previously av...

    Authors: Justin John, Mohammed Ismail, Catherine Riley, Jonathan Askham, Richard Morgan, Alan Melcher and Hardev Pandha
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:14
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. Previous reports have shown that peptides derived from the apolipoprotein E receptor binding region and the amphipathic α-helical domains of apolipoprotein AI have broad anti-infective activity and antiviral a...

    Authors: Bridie A Kelly, Ian Harrison, Áine McKnight and Curtis B Dobson
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:13
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. Egg white must provide nutrients and protection to the developing avian embryo. One way in which this is achieved is an arsenal of antimicrobial proteins and peptides which are essentially extensions of the in...

    Authors: Daoqing Gong, Peter W Wilson, Maureen M Bain, Karina McDade, Jiri Kalina, Virginie Hervé-Grépinet, Yves Nys and Ian C Dunn
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:12
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Preconception allergen immunization prevents neonatal allergen sensitization in mice by a complex interaction between regulatory cells/factors and antibodies. The present study assessed the influence of matern...

    Authors: Jefferson R Victor, Bruno P Muniz, Ana E Fusaro, Cyro A de Brito, Eliana F Taniguchi, Alberto JS Duarte and Maria N Sato
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:11
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. The expression of metallothionein (MT) is involved in acquiring resistance to immune-mediated apoptosis; it is also a negative regulator of the immune response. Nasal polyps are typified by a resistance to imm...

    Authors: Magdalena Dutsch-Wicherek, Romana Tomaszewska, Agata Lazar, Paweł Stręk, Łukasz Wicherek, Krzysztof Piekutowski and Wojciech Jóźwicki
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:10
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. Allergy has been an increasing problem in several parts of the world. Prenatal exposure to allergen and microbial components may affect the development of allergies in childhood, as indicated by epidemiologica...

    Authors: Linda K Ellertsen, Unni C Nygaard, Ingrid Melkild and Martinus Løvik
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:8
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) are vectors of pathogens worldwide that cause diseases in humans and animals. Ticks and pathogens have co-evolved molecular mechanisms that contribute to their mutual development and su...

    Authors: Zorica Zivkovic, Alessandra Torina, Ruchira Mitra, Angela Alongi, Salvatore Scimeca, Katherine M Kocan, Ruth C Galindo, Consuelo Almazán, Edmour F Blouin, Margarita Villar, Ard M Nijhof, Rinosh Mani, Giuseppa La Barbera, Santo Caracappa, Frans Jongejan and José de la Fuente
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:7
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. Antibody isotype responses can be useful as indicators of immune bias during infection. In studies of parasite co-infection however, interpretation of immune bias is complicated by the occurrence of cross-reac...

    Authors: Karen J Fairlie-Clarke, Tracey J Lamb, Jean Langhorne, Andrea L Graham and Judith E Allen
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:6
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an interleukin-7 (IL-7) like cytokine, which plays an important role in the regulation of immune responses to allergens. TSLP binds to a heterodimeric receptor complex co...

    Authors: Jun Zhong and Akhilesh Pandey
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:5
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. The immune response to trauma has traditionally been modeled to consist of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) followed by the compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome (CARS). We investi...

    Authors: Kevin R Kasten, Holly S Goetzman, Maria R Reid, Alison M Rasper, Samuel G Adediran, Chad T Robinson, Cindy M Cave, Joseph S Solomkin, Alex B Lentsch, Jay A Johannigman and Charles C Caldwell
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:4
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. Natural Killer (NK) cells are a crucial component of the host innate immune system with anti-viral and anti-cancer properties. However, the role of NK cells in West Nile virus (WNV) infection is controversial,...

    Authors: Mingjie Zhang, Sylvester Daniel, Yong Huang, Caren Chancey, Qingsheng Huang, Ying F Lei, Andriyan Grinev, Howard Mostowski, Maria Rios and Andrew Dayton
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:3
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. The first exposure to microorganisms at mucosal surfaces is critical for immune maturation and gut health. Facultative anaerobic bacteria are the first to colonise the infant gut, and the impact of these bacte...

    Authors: Louise H Zeuthen, Lisbeth N Fink, Stine B Metzdorff, Matilde B Kristensen, Tine R Licht, Christine Nellemann and Hanne Frøkiær
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:2
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. The adenosine/uridine-rich element (ARE)-binding protein AUF1 functions to regulate the inflammatory response through the targeted degradation of cytokine and other mRNAs that contain specific AREs in their 3'...

    Authors: Navid Sadri, Jin-Yu Lu, Michelle L Badura and Robert J Schneider
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:1
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. Cysteinyl leukotrienes are potent inflammatory mediators implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma. Human cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CYSLTR1) gene contains five exons that are variably spliced. Within its p...

    Authors: Milena Sokolowska, Karolina Wodz-Naskiewicz, Malgorzata Cieslak, Karolina Seta, Andrzej K Bednarek and Rafal Pawliczak
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:63
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. Neurotransmitters are important regulators of the immune system, with very distinct and varying effects on different leukocyte subsets. So far little is known about the impact of signals mediated by neurotrans...

    Authors: Carina Strell, Anne Sievers, Philipp Bastian, Kerstin Lang, Bernd Niggemann, Kurt S Zänker and Frank Entschladen
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:62
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. Larvae of several common species of parasitic nematodes obligately migrate through, and often damage, host lungs. The larvae induce strong pulmonary Type 2 immune responses, including T-helper (Th)2 cells as w...

    Authors: Marieke A Hoeve, Katie J Mylonas, Karen J Fairlie-Clarke, Simmi M Mahajan, Judith E Allen and Andrea L Graham
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:60
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) can employ a cell contact- and granzyme B-dependent mechanism to mediate suppression of bystander T and B cells. Murine studies indicate that granzyme B is involved in the Treg-media...

    Authors: Olga V Efimova and Todd W Kelley
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:59
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. The objective was to define murine histologic alterations resembling asthma in a BALB/c OVA model and to suggest grading criteria. Identified were six salient histologic findings in lungs with putative allergi...

    Authors: Mitchell S Wachtel, Goutam Shome, Mhairi Sutherland and John J McGlone
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:58
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. Selenium, a micronutrient whose deficiency in diet causes immune dysfunction and inflammatory disorders, is thought to exert its physiological effects mostly in the form of selenium-containing proteins (seleno...

    Authors: Bradley A Carlson, Min-Hyuk Yoo, Yasuyo Sano, Aniruddha Sengupta, Jin Young Kim, Robert Irons, Vadim N Gladyshev, Dolph L Hatfield and Jin Mo Park
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:57
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. Leukocyte Ig-like receptors (LILR) are a family of innate immune receptors with immunomodulatory functions. High-level expression of the receptors LILRB2 (ILT4) and LILRB4 (ILT3) is a feature of tolerogenic an...

    Authors: Damien P Brown, Des C Jones, Katie J Anderson, Nicolas Lapaque, Robin A Buerki, John Trowsdale and Rachel L Allen
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:56
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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