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  1. Natural killer T cells represent a linkage between innate and adaptive immunity. They are a heterogeneous population of specialized T lymphocytes composed of different subsets. DX5+NKT cells are characterized by ...

    Authors: Jens M Werner, Elisabeth Busl, Stefan A Farkas, Hans J Schlitt, Edward K Geissler and Matthias Hornung
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:26
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. Foxp3 protein plays a critical role in mediating the inflammatory response and can inhibit the proinflammatory IL-23/IL-17 pathway. However, the molecular interplay of Foxp3 and the IL-23/IL-17 pathway in pati...

    Authors: Qinghong Wang, Yanhua Zheng, Zemin Huang, Yi Tian, Jijun Zhou, Qing Mao, Yuzhang Wu and Bing Ni
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:25
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. Heat shock proteins (Hsp) are ubiquitously synthesised in virtually all species and it is hypothesised that they might have beneficial health effects. Recent studies have identified circulating Hsp as an impor...

    Authors: Rose Njemini, Ivan Bautmans, Oscar O Onyema, Katrien Van Puyvelde, Christian Demanet and Tony Mets
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:24
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. Regulatory T cells (Treg) play a crucial role in maintaining immune homeostasis and self-tolerance. The immune suppressive effects of Tregs should however be limited in case effective immunity is required agai...

    Authors: Wendy WC van Maren, Stefan Nierkens, Liza W Toonen, Judith M Bolscher, Roger PM Sutmuller and Gosse J Adema
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:23
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. T cell development occurs within the highly specialized thymus. Cytotoxic CD8 T cells are critical in adaptive immunity by targeting virally infected or tumor cells. In this study, we addressed whether functio...

    Authors: Génève Awong, Elaine Herer, Ross N La Motte-Mohs and Juan Carlos Zúñiga-Pflücker
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:22
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. Dendritic cells (DCs) initiate immune responses through their direct interaction with effector cells. However, the mechanism by which DC activity is regulated is not well defined. Previous studies have shown t...

    Authors: Xiong B Wang, Zhong Z Fan, Doina Anton, Annika V Vollenhoven, Zhen H Ni, Xiao F Chen and Ann K Lefvert
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:21
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, an emerging bacterial infectious disease in tropical and subtropical areas. We recently showed that NADPH oxidase but not nitric oxide (NO) contrib...

    Authors: Katrin Breitbach, Patimaporn Wongprompitak and Ivo Steinmetz
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:20
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. Autoantibodies against glutamate decarboxylase-65 (GAD65Abs) are thought to be a major immunological tool involved in pathogenic autoimmunity development in various diseases. GAD65Abs are a sensitive and specific...

    Authors: Mohd Wajid Ali Khan, Kamalpreet Banga, Subhash N Mashal and Wahid Ali Khan
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:19
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is widely recognized as an essential element in the triggering of innate immunity, binding pathogen-associated molecules such as Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and in initiating a cascad...

    Authors: Humberto M Garay-Malpartida, Roberta F Mourão, Marluce Mantovani, Icaro A Santos, Mari C Sogayar and Anna C Goldberg
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:18
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. Haplo-identical hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation is very successful in eradicating haematological tumours, but the long post-transplant T-lymphopenic phase is responsible for high morbidity and mo...

    Authors: Bob Meek, Catharina HMJ Van Elssen, Mirelle JAJ Huijskens, Sjoukje JC van der Stegen, Siebe Tonnaer, Stijn BJ Lumeij, Joris Vanderlocht, Mark A Kirkland, Reinout Hesselink, Wilfred TV Germeraad and Gerard MJ Bos
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:17
    Content type: Correspondence Published on:

  11. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a severe respiratory illness caused by a novel virus, the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). 3C-like protease (3CLpro) of SARS-CoV plays a role in processing viral polypeptid...

    Authors: Hsien-Hua Liao, Yao-Chen Wang, Miles Chih-Ming Chen, Hsien-Yu Tsai, Johnson Lin, Shui-Tein Chen, Gregory Jiazer Tsay and Sun-Long Cheng
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:16
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) for double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) are components of innate immunity that recognize the presence of viral infection and initiate efficient defense mechanisms. In addition to p...

    Authors: James J Yun, Ming-Sound Tsao and Sandy D Der
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:15
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. Experimental analyses have identified strain-dependent factors that regulate susceptibility to anaphylaxis in mice. We assessed the susceptibility of the widely used 129SvEvBrd (also known as 129S5) mouse stra...

    Authors: Muthuvel Arumugam, Richard Ahrens, Heather Osterfeld, Leah C Kottyan, Xun Shang, John A Maclennan, Nives Zimmermann, Yi Zheng, Fred D Finkelman and Simon P Hogan
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:14
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. The aqueous extract of a Brazilian palm-tree fruit - the babassu - (BAE) exerts a clear immunostimulative activity in vivo. In the present work, the possibility that BAE can promote Th1 immune responses in mice o...

    Authors: Rosane NM Guerra, Virgínia MG Silva, Luciana S Aragão-França, Pablo R Oliveira, Rodrigo Feitosa, Flavia RF Nascimento and Lain C Pontes-de-Carvalho
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:13
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. Tumor necrosis factor (TNFA) is the canonical member of the TNF superfamily, which plays a major role in both inflammation and apoptosis. To evaluate the role of TNFs in otitis media (OM), the most common dise...

    Authors: Joerg Ebmeyer, Anke Leichtle, Michelle Hernandez, Umay Ebmeyer, Jacob Husseman, Kwang Pak, Holger Sudhoff, David Broide, Stephen I Wasserman and Allen F Ryan
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:12
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. Infections caused by community-associated strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) are associated with a marked and prolonged host inflammatory response. In a sepsis simulation model, we t...

    Authors: Thomas Spentzas, Rebekah KH Shapley, Carlos Acuna Aguirre, Elizabeth Meals, Lauren Lazar, Mark S Rayburn, Brett S Walker and B Keith English
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:11
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. Neutrophil migration to an inflamed site constitutes the first line of the innate immune response against invading microorganisms. Given the crucial role of endogenous lectins in neutrophil mobilization and ac...

    Authors: Selene Elifio-Esposito, Luciane Tomazeli, Carolina Schwartz, Ana Paula Gimenez, Gabriel M Fugii, Luiz Claudio Fernandes, Luciana FM Zishler, Patrícia M Stuelp-Campelo and Andréa N Moreno
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:10
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. Adenoviral vectors have provided effective methods for in vivo gene delivery in therapeutic applications. However, these vectors can induce immune responses that may severely affect the ability of vector re-appli...

    Authors: Lars Steinstraesser, Michael Sorkin, Frank Jacobsen, Sammy Al-Benna, Marco Rainer Kesting, Andreas David Niederbichler, Jan-Michel Otte, Tobias Hirsch, Jadwiga Stupka, Hans-Ulrich Steinau and Matthias Schulte
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:8
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. Marginal zone B cells have been implicated in the production of autoantibodies in murine models of lupus. It has been suggested that they contribute to lupus immunopathogenesis through their enhanced effector ...

    Authors: Zhenhai Zhou, Haitao Niu, Ying-Yi Zheng and Laurence Morel
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:7
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. West Nile virus (WNV) persists in humans and several animal models. We previously demonstrated that WNV persists in the central nervous system (CNS) of mice for up to 6 months post-inoculation. We hypothesized...

    Authors: Barbara S Stewart, Valerie L Demarest, Susan J Wong, Sharone Green and Kristen A Bernard
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:6
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. Superantigens (SAgs) of mouse mammary tumor viruses (MMTVs) play a crucial role in T cell selection in the thymus in a T cell receptor (TCR) Vβ-specific manner and SAgs presented by B cells activate T cells in...

    Authors: Young-Kwan Lee, Sophia Chiu, Alex Chew, David G Greenhalgh and Kiho Cho
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:5
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a tumor-associated glycoprotein that functions in regulation of both ontogenic and oncogenic growth. Recent study showed that AFP can induce apoptosis or impair monocyte-derived dend...

    Authors: Agus Setiyono, Akterono D Budiyati, Sigit Purwantomo, Madonna R Anggelia, Ismail Fanany, Gunawan A Wibowo, Indra Bachtiar, Andi Utama and Susan Tai
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:4
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. Shb, a ubiquitously expressed Src homology 2 domain-containing adaptor protein has previously been implicated in the signaling of various tyrosine kinase receptors including the TCR. Shb associates with SLP76,...

    Authors: Karin Gustafsson, Gabriela Calounova, Fredrik Hjelm, Vitezslav Kriz, Birgitta Heyman, Kjell-Olov Grönvik, Gustavo Mostoslavsky and Michael Welsh
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:3
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. Design of tumour specific immunotherapies using the patients' own dendritic cells (DC) is a fast advancing scientific field. The functional qualities of the DC generated in vitro are critical, and today's gold st...

    Authors: Arnt-Ove Hovden, Marie Karlsen, Roland Jonsson, Hans Jørgen Aarstad and Silke Appel
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:2
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) is a pattern-recognition molecule present in serum, which is involved in the innate immune defense by activating complement and promoting opsonophagocytosis. Dendritic cells (DCs) a...

    Authors: Mingyong Wang, Yani Zhang, Yue Chen, Liyun Zhang, Xiao Lu and Zhengliang Chen
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:1
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. Immunization with the spike protein (S) of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus (CoV) in mice is known to produce neutralizing antibodies and to prevent the infection caused by SARS-CoV. Polyet...

    Authors: Byoung-Shik Shim, Sung-Moo Park, Ji-Shan Quan, Dhananjay Jere, Hyuk Chu, Man Ki Song, Dong Wook Kim, Yong-Suk Jang, Moon-Sik Yang, Seung Hyun Han, Yong-Ho Park, Chong-Su Cho and Cheol-Heui Yun
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:65
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL), a pattern recognition innate immune molecule, inhibits influenza A virus infection in vitro. MBL deficiency due to gene polymorphism in humans has been associated with infection susc...

    Authors: Wei-Chuan Chang, Mitchell R White, Patience Moyo, Sheree McClear, Steffen Thiel, Kevan L Hartshorn and Kazue Takahashi
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:64
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli are among the early and important colonizers of the gastrointestinal tract and are generally considered to be part of a normal, healthy microbiota. It is believed that specific ...

    Authors: David O'Mahony, Sharon Murphy, Thomas Boileau, JeanSoon Park, Frances O'Brien, David Groeger, Patrycja Konieczna, Mario Ziegler, Paul Scully, Fergus Shanahan, Barry Kiely and Liam O'Mahony
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:63
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. Iloprost has been suggested to possess anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating actions and it is widely use as a vasodilatator in systemic sclerosis (SSc). In this study we evaluate the effect of iloprost on im...

    Authors: Patrizia D'Amelio, Maria A Cristofaro, Lucia D'Amico, Luciana Veneziano, Ilaria Roato, Francesca Sassi, Giuseppina Bisignano, Marta Saracco, Raffaele Pellerito, Salvatore Patanè, Riccardo Ferracini, Gian P Pescarmona and Giovanni C Isaia
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:62
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Immunological and genetic findings implicate Th17 effector cytokines in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Expression of Th17 pathway-associated genes is mainly studied in colonic disease. T...

    Authors: Sara Bogaert, Debby Laukens, Harald Peeters, Lode Melis, Kim Olievier, Nico Boon, Gust Verbruggen, Jo Vandesompele, Dirk Elewaut and Martine De Vos
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:61
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. Coccidioidomycosis or Valley fever is caused by a highly virulent fungal pathogen: Coccidioides posadasii or immitis. Vaccine development against Coccidioides is of contemporary interest because a large number of...

    Authors: Prachi Vilekar, Vibhudutta Awasthi, Pallavi Lagisetty, Catherine King, Nathan Shankar and Shanjana Awasthi
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:60
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. Preeclampsia is a severe complication of pregnancy characterized by an excessive maternal systemic inflammatory response with activation of both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Cytokines, ch...

    Authors: András Szarka, János Rigó Jr, Levente Lázár, Gabriella Bekő and Attila Molvarec
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:59
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. It is well established that adaptive immune responses induced by hypercholesterolemia play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis, but the pathways involved remain to be fully characterized. I...

    Authors: Daniel Kolbus, Ornélia H Ramos, Katarina E Berg, Josefin Persson, Maria Wigren, Harry Björkbacka, Gunilla Nordin Fredrikson and Jan Nilsson
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:58
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. Cytokines of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily exert effects on proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation in various cell types. Cancer cells frequently acquire resistance to the anti-pro...

    Authors: Maren Bakkebø, Kanutte Huse, Vera I Hilden, Erlend B Smeland and Morten P Oksvold
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:57
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. During the pre-patent stage of infection, juvenile Schistosoma blood flukes co-opt signals from the adaptive immune system to facilitate parasite development, but the types of responses that are induced at this e...

    Authors: Lucia A de Oliveira Fraga, Erika W Lamb, Elizabeth C Moreno, Mitali Chatterjee, Jan Dvořák, Melaine Delcroix, Mohammed Sajid, Conor R Caffrey and Stephen J Davies
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:56
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. The use of mouse models to study human disease provides useful data that can provide support for research projects or an existing drug discovery program. How well a model recapitulates the human condition and ...

    Authors: Lily D Lu, Kristine L Stump and Matthew M Seavey
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:55
    Content type: Methodology article Published on:

  38. Regression of established tumors can be induced by adoptive immunotherapy with tumor draining lymph node lymphocytes activated with bryostatin and ionomycin. We hypothesized that tumor regression is mediated b...

    Authors: Catriona HT Miller, Laura Graham and Harry D Bear
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:54
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. Protease-Activated Receptors (PARs), members of G-protein-coupled receptors, are activated by proteolytic activity of various proteases. Activation of PAR1 and PAR2 triggers innate immune responses in human or...

    Authors: Maryam G Rohani, Dennis H DiJulio, Jonathan Y An, Beth M Hacker, Beverly A Dale and Whasun O Chung
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:53
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. Interleukin-33 is a member of the IL-1 cytokine family whose functions are mediated and modulated by the ST2 receptor. IL-33-ST2 expression and interactions have been explored in mouse macrophages but little i...

    Authors: Amrita D Joshi, Sameer R Oak, Adam J Hartigan, William G Finn, Steven L Kunkel, Karen E Duffy, Anuk Das and Cory M Hogaboam
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:52
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections are the predominant cause of economic losses in sheep. Infections are controlled almost exclusively by the use of anthelmintics which has lead to the selection of dru...

    Authors: Jacqueline S Knight, David B Baird, Wayne R Hein and Anton Pernthaner
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:51
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. Patients infected with Vibrio vulnificus (V. vulnificus) show severe inflammatory responses characterised by the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), an upstrea...

    Authors: Chia-Chang Chuang, Yin-Ching Chuang, Wen-Teng Chang, Chi-Chung Chen, Lien-I Hor, A-Ming Huang, Pui-Ching Choi, Chi-Yun Wang, Po-Chin Tseng and Chiou-Feng Lin
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:50
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. The mechanisms of immune response are structured within a highly complex regulatory system. Genetic associations with variation in the immune response to rubella vaccine have typically been assessed one locus ...

    Authors: V Shane Pankratz, Robert A Vierkant, Megan M O'Byrne, Inna G Ovsyannikova and Gregory A Poland
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:48
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. Previous studies of T cell activation in dengue infection have focused on restriction of specific T cell receptors (TCRs) and classical MHC molecules. However, bystander T cell activation, which is TCR indepen...

    Authors: Duangchan Suwannasaen, Arunrat Romphruk, Chanvit Leelayuwat and Ganjana Lertmemongkolchai
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:47
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. Chlamydia trachomatis was previously shown to express a lipoprotein, the macrophage infectivity potentiator (Mip), exposed at the bacterial surface, and able to stimulate human primary monocytes/macrophages throu...

    Authors: Sylvette Bas, Richard W James and Cem Gabay
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:46
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. An ideal tumor vaccine should activate both effector and memory immune response against tumor-specific antigens. Beside the CD8+ T cells that play a central role in the generation of a protective immune respon...

    Authors: Petra Cerkovnik, Barbara Jezersek Novakovic, Vida Stegel and Srdjan Novakovic
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:45
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. Most in vivo studies that have addressed the role of actin dynamics in NADPH oxidase function in phagocytes have used toxins to modulate the polymerization state of actin and mostly effects on actin has been eval...

    Authors: Izabela Rasmussen, Line H Pedersen, Luise Byg, Kazuhiro Suzuki, Hideki Sumimoto and Frederik Vilhardt
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:44
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. Complement C2 deficiency is the most common genetically determined complete complement deficiency and is associated with a number of diseases. Most prominent are the associations with recurrent serious infecti...

    Authors: Paolo GV Martini, Lynette C Cook, Scott Alderucci, Angela W Norton, Dianna M Lundberg, Susan M Fish, Knut Langsetmo, Göran Jönsson, Christian Lood, Birgitta Gullstrand, Kate J Zaleski, Nancy Savioli, Jason Lottherand, Charles Bedard, John Gill, Michael F Concino…
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:43
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. The lymph node (LN) is a crossroads of blood and lymphatic vessels allowing circulating lymphocytes to efficiently recognize foreign molecules displayed on antigen presenting cells. Increasing evidence indicat...

    Authors: Gregg P Sobocinski, Katherine Toy, Walter F Bobrowski, Stephen Shaw, Arthur O Anderson and Eric P Kaldjian
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:42
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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