Table 2 List of most common pathogens that affect the oral cavity, including the associated oral manifestations and cellular targets
From: Natural and induced immune responses in oral cavity and saliva
Pathogen | Disease | Host Target |
|---|---|---|
Bacteria | ||
Porphyromonas gingivalis [220] | Gingivitis, Periodontitis | Oral epithelium |
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans [221] | Gingivitis, Periodontitis, Infective endocarditis, other systemic diseases | Natural habitat is oral cavity, but can enter body of the host infect many body areas, notably the endocardium |
Fusobacterium nucleatum [222] | Gingivitis, Periodontitis | Oral epithelium |
Prevotella Intermedia [223] | Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis | Oral epithelium |
Tannerella forsythia [224] | Gingivitis, Periodontitis | Oral epithelium |
Treponema denticola [225] | Gingivitis, Periodontitis | Oral epithelium |
Virus | ||
Herpes simplex virus (HPV) [226] | Herpetic gingivostomatitis | Oral epithelium |
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) [227] | Periodontitis, oral inflammation, potentially Sjorgen’s Syndrome | Preferential colonization of B cells, but also can infect epithelial cells |
Oral mucosal ulcers, Periodontitis | Oral epithelium, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and some lymphocyte and myeloid cells | |
Linear erythematous gingivitis, necrotizing periodontitis | Tissue-resident CD4+ T cells (Gut, Lymphnodes) | |
Fungal | ||
Candida albicans [232] | Pseudomembranous candidiasis, erythematous candidiasis and hyperplastic candidiasis. | Oral epithelium |