Fig. 2

Alpha, beta diversity, and the abundance of different species diversity of gut microbiota in different treatment groups. A Ace index analysis for alpha diversity (p = 0.8261). B Shannon index analysis for alpha diversity (p = 0.5566). C Unweighted analysis of beta diversity (p = 0.0752). D Differences among the top 10 species in relative abundance at the species level (Ruminococcus_callidus, p = 0.0497; Alistipes_finegoldii, p = 0.0434). Data are represented as means ± SDs, n = 3. One-way ANOVA was used for comparisons between multiple groups. ns, not significant, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001