Fig. 5

CellChat analyses reveal altered intercellular communication and signaling pathways in PAH. A Cell–cell communication network highlights enhanced interactions in PAH, particularly involving macrophages and Synthetic SMC. Information flow comparison reveals upregulated inflammatory pathways (e.g., MIF, IL-1) and downregulated immunosuppressive pathways in PAH. Relative Information Flow of Various Molecules in Con and PAH Groups. B Overall signaling patterns show dominant inflammatory signals in PAH compared to controls. C Pathway analysis highlights upregulated MIF signaling. D Heatmap comparing MIF signaling distribution between control and PAH groups. E Ligand-Receptor-Transcription Factor-Target Gene Network. F Comparison of MIF, CD74, CXCL4, and CD44 expression across cell types in Con and PAH Groups