Table 1 Characteristics of participants according to sex and serum 25(OH)D concentrations
Serum 25(OH)D concentrations (ng/mL) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | Total | Male (1414, 51.29%) | P-value | Female (1343, 48.71%) | P-value | ||||||
< 10 | 10-19.9 | 20-29.9 | ≥ 30 | < 10 | 10-19.9 | 20-29.9 | ≥ 30 | ||||
Age | 43.99 ± 21.88 | 43.89 ± 21.58 | 42.47 ± 21.89 | 42.58 ± 21.93 | 47.73 ± 21.82 | 0.012 | 41.33 ± 19.86 | 43.76 ± 22.25 | 46.06 ± 22.23 | 44.73 ± 20.84 | 0.109 |
Age | 0.167 | < 0.001 | |||||||||
< 20 | 532 (19.30%) | 15 (19.74%) | 103 (21.78%) | 132 (20.92%) | 32 (13.68%) | 27 (19.85%) | 103 (22.10%) | 94 (18.36%) | 26 (11.35%) | ||
20–49 | 1120 (40.62%) | 32 (42.11%) | 195 (41.23%) | 259 (41.05%) | 95 (40.60%) | 67 (49.26%) | 176 (37.77%) | 184 (35.94%) | 112 (48.91%) | ||
≥ 50 | 1105 (40.08%) | 29 (38.16%) | 175 (37.00%) | 240 (38.03%) | 107 (45.73%) | 42 (30.88%) | 187 (40.13%) | 234 (45.70%) | 91 (39.74%) | ||
Race | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||||||
Mexican American | 595 (21.58%) | 12 (15.79%) | 129 (27.27%) | 140 (22.19%) | 27 (11.54%) | 20 (14.71%) | 135 (28.97%) | 110 (21.48%) | 22 (9.61%) | ||
Other Hispanic | 98 (3.55%) | 0 (0.00%) | 17 (3.59%) | 30 (4.75%) | 5 (2.14%) | 5 (3.68%) | 19 (4.08%) | 19 (3.71%) | 3 (1.31%) | ||
Non-Hispanic White | 1363 (49.44%) | 10 (13.16%) | 151 (31.92%) | 348 (55.15%) | 187 (79.91%) | 17 (12.50%) | 141 (30.26%) | 312 (60.94%) | 197 (86.03%) | ||
Non-Hispanic Black | 594 (21.55%) | 50 (65.79%) | 160 (33.83%) | 83 (13.15%) | 9 (3.85%) | 92 (67.65%) | 137 (29.40%) | 57 (11.13%) | 6 (2.62%) | ||
Other Race | 107 (3.88%) | 4 (5.26%) | 16 (3.38%) | 30 (4.75%) | 6 (2.56%) | 2 (1.47%) | 34 (7.30%) | 14 (2.73%) | 1 (0.44%) | ||
Birth place | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||||||
US | 2225 (80.70%) | 67 (88.16%) | 362 (76.53%) | 493 (78.13%) | 210 (89.74%) | 119 (87.50%) | 347 (74.46%) | 410 (80.08%) | 217 (94.76%) | ||
Another country | 532 (19.30%) | 9 (11.84%) | 111 (23.47%) | 138 (21.87%) | 24 (10.26%) | 17 (12.50%) | 119 (25.54%) | 102 (19.92%) | 12 (5.24%) | ||
Citizenship status | 0.010 | < 0.001 | |||||||||
US citizen | 2422 (87.85%) | 72 (94.74%) | 401 (84.78%) | 546 (86.53%) | 215 (91.88%) | 126 (92.65%) | 386 (82.83%) | 452 (88.28%) | 224 (97.82%) | ||
Other | 335 (12.15%) | 4 (5.26%) | 72 (15.22%) | 85 (13.47%) | 19 (8.12%) | 10 (7.35%) | 80 (17.17%) | 60 (11.72%) | 5 (2.18%) | ||
Household number | 0.332 | < 0.001 | |||||||||
1–3 | 1571 (56.98%) | 46 (60.53%) | 250 (52.85%) | 362 (57.37%) | 146 (62.39%) | 69 (50.74%) | 233 (50.00%) | 322 (62.89%) | 143 (62.45%) | ||
4–5 | 804 (29.16%) | 19 (25.00%) | 150 (31.71%) | 179 (28.37%) | 61 (26.07%) | 43 (31.62%) | 144 (30.90%) | 137 (26.76%) | 71 (31.00%) | ||
6+ | 382 (13.86%) | 11 (14.47%) | 73 (15.43%) | 90 (14.26%) | 27 (11.54%) | 24 (17.65%) | 89 (19.10%) | 53 (10.35%) | 15 (6.55%) | ||
Smoking status | 0.029 | < 0.001 | |||||||||
None | 1154 (41.86%) | 18 (23.68%) | 160 (33.83%) | 236 (37.40%) | 84 (35.90%) | 46 (33.82%) | 224 (48.07%) | 277 (54.10%) | 109 (47.60%) | ||
second-hand | 941 (34.13%) | 28 (36.84%) | 176 (37.21%) | 240 (38.03%) | 74 (31.62%) | 45 (33.09%) | 164 (35.19%) | 145 (28.32%) | 69 (30.13%) | ||
active | 662 (24.01%) | 30 (39.47%) | 137 (28.96%) | 155 (24.56%) | 76 (32.48%) | 45 (33.09%) | 78 (16.74%) | 90 (17.58%) | 51 (22.27%) | ||
RA | 112 (4.06%) | 4 (5.26%) | 8 (1.69%) | 19 (3.01%) | 10 (4.27%) | 0.135 | 14 (10.29%) | 27 (5.79%) | 27 (5.27%) | 3 (1.31%) | 0.003 |
Take prescribed medicine | 278 (10.08%) | 4 (5.26%) | 52 (10.99%) | 62 (9.83%) | 35 (14.96%) | 0.065 | 12 (8.82%) | 37 (7.94%) | 54 (10.55%) | 22 (9.61%) | 0.567 |
Kidney disease | 64 (2.32%) | 5 (6.58%) | 16 (3.38%) | 10 (1.58%) | 2 (0.85%) | 0.007 | 5 (3.68%) | 12 (2.58%) | 13 (2.54%) | 1 (0.44%) | 0.175 |
ANA | < 0.001 | 0.828 | |||||||||
negative | 2332 (84.58%) | 54 (71.05%) | 418 (88.37%) | 558 (88.43%) | 211 (90.17%) | 108 (79.41%) | 380 (81.55%) | 413 (80.66%) | 190 (82.97%) | ||
positive | 425 (15.42%) | 22 (28.95%) | 55 (11.63%) | 73 (11.57%) | 23 (9.83%) | 28 (20.59%) | 86 (18.45%) | 99 (19.34%) | 39 (17.03%) | ||
ANA patterns | |||||||||||
Nuclear patterns | < 0.001 | 0.972 | |||||||||
negative | 2404 (87.20%) | 57 (75.00%) | 431 (91.12%) | 566 (89.70%) | 216 (92.31%) | 114 (83.82%) | 396 (84.98%) | 430 (83.98%) | 194 (84.72%) | ||
positive | 353 (12.80%) | 19 (25.00%) | 42 (8.88%) | 65 (10.30%) | 18 (7.69%) | 22 (16.18%) | 70 (15.02%) | 82 (16.02%) | 35 (15.28%) | ||
Cytoplasm patterns | 0.256 | 0.776 | |||||||||
negative | 2657 (96.37%) | 71 (93.42%) | 458 (96.83%) | 615 (97.46%) | 228 (97.44%) | 130 (95.59%) | 444 (95.28%) | 489 (95.51%) | 222 (96.94%) | ||
positive | 100 (3.63%) | 5 (6.58%) | 15 (3.17%) | 16 (2.54%) | 6 (2.56%) | 6 (4.41%) | 22 (4.72%) | 23 (4.49%) | 7 (3.06%) | ||
Nuclear patterns subgroup | |||||||||||
Speckles | < 0.001 | 0.912 | |||||||||
negative | 2454 (89.01%) | 59 (77.63%) | 434 (91.75%) | 576 (91.28%) | 218 (93.16%) | 120 (88.24%) | 404 (86.70%) | 442 (86.33%) | 201 (87.77%) | ||
positive | 303 (10.99%) | 17 (22.37%) | 39 (8.25%) | 55 (8.72%) | 16 (6.84%) | 16 (11.76%) | 62 (13.30%) | 70 (13.67%) | 28 (12.23%) | ||
Homogenous | 0.016 | 0.337 | |||||||||
negative | 2751 (99.78%) | 75 (98.68%) | 473 (100.00%) | 631 (100.00%) | 233 (99.57%) | 136 (100.00%) | 466 (100.00%) | 509 (99.41%) | 228 (99.56%) | ||
positive | 6 (0.22%) | 1 (1.32%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 1 (0.43%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 3 (0.59%) | 1 (0.44%) | ||
Nucleolar | 0.205 | 0.374 | |||||||||
negative | 2732 (99.09%) | 75 (98.68%) | 472 (99.79%) | 623 (98.73%) | 233 (99.57%) | 134 (98.53%) | 463 (99.36%) | 504 (98.44%) | 228 (99.56%) | ||
positive | 25 (0.91%) | 1 (1.32%) | 1 (0.21%) | 8 (1.27%) | 1 (0.43%) | 2 (1.47%) | 3 (0.64%) | 8 (1.56%) | 1 (0.44%) | ||
Titer | 0.374 | 0.127 | |||||||||
1:80 | 1 (0.24%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 1 (3.57%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | ||
1:160 | 5 (1.18%) | 1 (4.55%) | 2 (3.64%) | 1 (1.37%) | 1 (4.35%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | ||
1:320 | 100 (23.53%) | 8 (36.36%) | 19 (34.55%) | 25 (34.25%) | 13 (56.52%) | 7 (25.00%) | 11 (12.79%) | 13 (13.13%) | 4 (10.26%) | ||
1:640 | 123 (28.94%) | 9 (40.91%) | 16 (29.09%) | 21 (28.77%) | 2 (8.70%) | 6 (21.43%) | 22 (25.58%) | 33 (33.33%) | 14 (35.90%) | ||
1:1280 | 196 (46.12%) | 4 (18.18%) | 18 (32.73%) | 26 (35.62%) | 7 (30.43%) | 14 (50.00%) | 53 (61.63%) | 53 (53.54%) | 21 (53.85%) | ||
DFS-70 | 0.615 | 0.092 | |||||||||
negative | 2685 (97.39%) | 74 (97.37%) | 466 (98.52%) | 625 (99.05%) | 231 (98.72%) | 135 (99.26%) | 448 (96.14%) | 491 (95.90%) | 215 (93.89%) | ||
positive | 72 (2.61%) | 2 (2.63%) | 7 (1.48%) | 6 (0.95%) | 3 (1.28%) | 1 (0.74%) | 18 (3.86%) | 21 (4.10%) | 14 (6.11%) | ||