Table 1 Summary of selected studies
Author | Year | Diagnostic Criteria | Investigation | Findings | Study Size | Cohen’s Effect Size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Danilenko et al. | 2022 | Fukuda + CCC | Autoantibodies | Increased AAbs to neural antigens β2-glycoprotein-I (p < 0.01), NF-200 (p < 0.01), S100 (p < 0.01),MBP (p < 0.05),Hol-R (p < 0.0001),Gly-R (p < 0.01),GABA-R (p < 0.01),DA-R (p < 0.01),Ser-R (p < 0.001),ds-DNA (p < 0.001) IFN-γ (p < 0.01) and voltage-gated Ca2 + channels (p < 0.01). | 33 ME/CFS and 20 HC | Not provided. |
De Bellis et al. | 2021 | Fukuda | Autoantibodies | Higher APA and AHA titre; associated with HPA dysfunction (p < 0.01). Hormone levels GH (p < 0.001), Basal cortisol (p < 0.001), Cortisol peak (p < 0.002) and ACTH (p < 0.001) | 30 ME/CFS and 25 HC | GH = -2.13 IGF-1 = -1.79 Basal cortisol = -5.37 Cortisol peak = -2.18 ACTH = -2.74 |
Ryabkova et al. | 2022 | Fukuda CCC | Autoantibodies | Increased AAbs to GABA-receptors. | 11 ME/CFS + FM, 11 ME/CFS-FM and 11 HC | Not provided |
Skowera et al. | 2002 | Fukuda | Autoantibodies | ANAs are absent in ME/CFS patients. | 100 ME/CFS and 111 HC | ANA = 1.576 |
Maes et al. | 2012 | Fukuda | Autoantibodies | Elevated serum IgM to anchorage molecules palmitic acid (p = 0.0001), myristic acid (p = 0.00003) and S-farnesyl-L-cysteine (p = 0.00001); and NO-phenylalanine (p < 0.005) | 16 ME/CFS and 17 HC | Palmitic Acid = 1.91 Myristic Acid = None S-farnesyl-L-cysteine = 1.99 NO-phenylalanine = -0225 |
Fonseca et al. | 2024 | CCC | Autoantibodies | ME/CFS patients with infectious triggered onset can be distinguished from healthy controls. Peptide sequences associated with specific antibodies are unlikely to be inducers of autoimmune B-cell responses. | 92 ME/CFS and 50 HC | Not Provided |
Maes et al. | 2013 | Fukuda | Cytokines | Increased proinflammatory cytokines specific to 5-HT-receptor (p < 0.001). 5-HT-positive ME/CFS patients have exacerbated symptoms. | 117 ME/CFS and 35 HC | TNFa = 1.69 IL-1 = 1.17 Neopterin = 1.20 |
Lande et al. | 2020 | CCC | Genetics | HLA class I and class II alleles are associated with ME/CFS compared to HC. HLA-C (p < 0.0001), HLA-B*57:01(p < 0.004), HLA-DBQ1 (p < 0.005), HLA-B*44:02 (p < 0.03), HLA-B*08:01 (p < 0.01) and HLA-DPB1 (p < 0.02). | 426 ME/CFS and 4511 HC | HLA-C = 0.409 HLA-DBQ1 = 0.223 Proportionality of carrying either one or both alleles = 0.409 |
Wang et al. | 2022 | IOM | Genetics | Enriched immunomodulatory genes: IKZF2, IKZF3, ABCE1, BACH2, CD3D, and HSPA8 (p < 0.05). Females have significant enrichment of IFIT1, ISG15 and IF16 (p < 0.05). | 166 ME/CFS and 201 HC | Not provided |
Steiner et al. | 2020 | CCC | Immune Phenotype + Genetics | ME/CFS patients with w/ITO have decreased CD19 + B-cells (p < 0.05). However, no changes in CD4 + or CD8+. ME/CFS + ITO have increased frequency of PTPN22 (p = 0.016) and CTLA-4 (p = 0.001). | 305 ME/CFS and 201 HC | PTN22all = 0.223 PTN22ito = 0.269 PTN22w/ito = 0.047 CTLA4all = 0.161 CTLA4ito = 0.234 CTLAw/ito = -0.077 IRF5all = -0.0341 IRF5ito = -0.0341 IRF5w/ito = -0.212 TNFall = -0.0459 TNFito = -0.0642 TNFw/ito = 0.005 TNF1all = -0.144 TNF1ito = -0.0961 TNF1w/ito = -0.329 |