Advanced in immunological monitoring of HIV infection: profile of immune cells and cytokines in people living with HIV-1 in Benin

Table 2 Plasma cytokine concentrations in study groups

Cytokines, Median, (IQR)	Healthy controls N = 20	PLHIV-1s N = 40	PLHIV-1f N = 50
TNF-α (pg/ml)	1085 (1047–1306)	1204 (1112–2211)	1511^a (1323–2627)
IL-6 (pg/ml)	121.5 (0,000–211.3)	524.7^a (162.2–918.5)	1364^{a, b} (820.5–2549)
IL-5 (pg/ml)	19.82 (11.08–29.66)	194.7^a (124.3–266.4)	176.9^a (21.3–250.2)
IL-13 (pg/ml)	932.3 (817.6–1224)	845.1 (583.9–1348)	955.8 (205.7–1768)
IL-7 (pg/ml)	209.2 (197.4–389.1)	295.3 (243.8–415.1)	547.6^a (311.5–1174)
IFN-γ (pg/ml)	1363 (1152–1813)	422.8^a (226.9–834.1)	1126^b (599.4–1625)
IL-4 (pg/ml)	135.3 (33.78–139.6)	365.5^a (101.5–492.7)	106.5^b (78–144.7)
IFN-γ/IL-4 (Th1/Th2)	13.13 (8.25–47.53)	1.44^a (0.48–4.08)	7.31^b (1.50–22.43)

Plasma cytokine concentrations in study groups were assessed in the control subjects (n = 20), people living with HIV-1 with therapeutic success (PLHIV-1s, n = 40) and people living with HIV-1 with therapeutic failure (PLHIV-1f, n = 50). n = number of participants in each group. Healthy control subjects and PLHIV-1 under ARV treatment for at least 6 months were recruited at the University hospital of Abomey-Calavi/Sô-Ava between October 2021 and April 2022. IL: Interleukin. The statistical differences were performed using the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s multiple comparison tests. IQR = interquartile range, pg/ml = picogram per milliliter. Differences were considered significant when p values are less than 0.05
^ap < 0.05 PLHIV-1 group vs. healthy controls; ^bp < 0.05 PLHIV-1s vs. PLHIV-1f

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